YEAR EMPLOYMENT ISSUES
AUTHOR SOURCE SELECTION ABSTRACT 2007 The Anatomy of an employment litigation case: from retention to verdict David Glaser MD
Craig Horowitz JD
Linda Savitt JDpsychiatry CD 10386 Learn the different ways plaintiff and defense attorneys think, strategize, and utilize the services of a forensic psychiatrist in employment cases; what is expected if retained by either defense or plaintiff attorneys in employment cases; the evolution of a case from the stages of retention through period of evaluation (interview and record review) to deposition and trial testimony; appreciate the intangibles in working closely as a forensic psychiatrist with an employment litigation attorney. A specific fact pattern of an actual case of alleged sexual harassment and alleged resulting Major Depressive Disorder will be presented in a written form to all participants at the conference and both panel attorneys ahead of the conference so that they can prepare for the moderator's directive to be on point within time constraints. The actual case will be adapted from the moderator's own experience, a plaintiff referred case. The moderator will keep the panelists focused upon their own unique approach at certain critical juncture points such as from initial retention, evaluation, written report, deposition, preparation for trial testimony, incorporation of expert's opinion into opening arguments, direct examination at trial, cross examination at trial, closing arguments, and post verdict jury interviews. 2006 Anatomy of employment litigation case David Glaser MD psychiatry CD 10823 no abstract 2005 In face of changes in California workers' compensation law Kenneth Gottlieb MD psychiatry tape 3159
no abstract2004 Law in psychiatry/ psychiatry in law workshop Ralph Slovenko JD, PhD psychiatry tapes 3132 This interactive workshop will present important issues on legal dynamics related to forensic psychiatric practice that Professor Slovenko has included in his recent authoritative 2-volume opus, Law in Psychiatry/Psychiatry in Law (published by Brunner-Routledge). Professor Ralph Slovenko, J.D., Ph.D., Professor of Law and Psychiatry, Wayne State University Law School. He is author of various books and articles on law and psychiatry. 2004 Work related psychological injuries: how long should we treat? Hall DC psychology tape 3094 California reportedly has one of the lowest percentages of workers' compensation dollars actually spent on patient care as compared to dollars spent on doctors and lawyers. Should we be providing more treatment? Or less? What are the ethical issues involved? What are the guidelines? Recommendations will be made. 2004 Psychiatrist's role in corporate workplace violence Victor Scarano JD psychiatry journal 7074 no abstract 2003 Psychological impairment and work function in medicolegal assessments Izabela Schultz PhD psychology tape 3059 Forensic psychological and neuropsychological assessments in personal injury and occupational contexts require a determination of the relationship between psychological impairment and present or anticipated work function. The methodological complexities and ambiguities of this determination with particular emphasis on assessment problems which make psychologists vulnerable in court will be presented. 2003 Workshop on forensic practice in employment litigation (2 tapes) James J. McDonald, Jr. psychiatry tapes 3018
no abstract2002 Primary doctors, alleged emotional distress and the workers' compensation system Ronald Shlensky MD, JD psychiatry tapes 2053 Most patients who sustain, complain of, or report mental or emotional job injuries are "taken off work" and/or "put on disability" by primary physicians. These physicians do not ordinarily understand the workers compensation system and the full implications of taking such action. Often more harm than good results. There is little evidence that any remedial action to resolve problems which cause emotional distress within the workplace are considered or even viable in our current health delivery climate. Involving these primary physicians more meaningfully in the industrial medicine system and orienting them to such issues might benefit patients and employers and save money. Meeting attendees will have the opportunity to consider possible solutions to this problem, see a perspective which is often overlooked and hopefully work to foster positive changes. 2001 Ethical evaluations in the workers' compensation system Marshall Cherkas MD, PhD psychiatry tapes 1043 no abstract 2001 Social Security psychiatric standards and their use in consideration of work impairment Edward Teitelman MD psychiatry tapes 9026 The psychiatric review technique used by Social Security adjudicators forms a reasonable basis for conceptualizing and judging vocational performance of the mentally ill. This separates symptoms and diagnoses from issues of concentration, persistence, and pace in work or work like settings and focuses on ability to perform and follow through with activities without development of obstructive symptoms. Details of this protocol will be reviewed both for detail and orientation for extended use in other situations. Learning objectives: Participants will develop a vocational function orientation in evaluating psychiatric disability; understand the specific method and values used by SSD; increase facility with concepts of residual capacity and rehabilitation as relates to psychiatric patients. 2001 Axis II disorders-employment James J. McDonald, Jr. psychiatry tape 1057
no abstract2001 The effective expert witness--workshop (2of 2) Steven Pinkert, MD, JD psychiatry tapes 10256 This workshop is meant to enhance expert testimony in direct and cross examination and consists of a lecture followed by a demonstration. There will be an overview of courtroom procedure, evidentiary rules and objections and focus on effective courtroom technique, emphasizing jury communication skills that include: simplifying the subject matter, jury perception, appeal and receptivity. 2000 Forensic practice in employment cases (1) James J. McDonald, Jr. psychiatry tapes 1107
no abstract1999 How to avoid common pitfalls when treating injured workers Calvin J. Langmade, Psy.D. psychology tape 1154 What mistakes do mental health professionals make when treating patients who have been injured at work? This presentation will identify the five common mistakes made by treating clinicians in workers compensation cases and include discussion of how to avoid these pitfalls and increase the quality of care. 1999 Violence in the workplace Donna Veraldi PhD psychology tape 1186
no abstract1998 Psychological damages, forensic examinations--expert testimony in employment disputes John Paddock PhD psychology tape 1210 Participants will gain state of the art knowledge about legal theory and case law in employment related disputes where emotional damages are at issue. 1998 Coping with violence in the workplace Patrick Lemoine and Maurice Ohayon MD psychiatry journal 1474 In this pragmatic article, the authors discuss the problematic increase of explosive anger in the workplace, occupations that are affected, styles of assault, categories, premonitory signs of violence and timetables of action. Two clinical cases are introduced and treatment and preventive measures suggested. Violence in hospitals and in psychiatric practice are also discussed. Outcries against the escalation of violence in today s world have become commonplace. We need only look at the exponential growth in the number of publications focusing on violence in the workplace for proof of this. According to Walker (1), the growing violence in hospitals is a hard fact that significantly reflects the upsurge in crime in our society. According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (2), in the United States alone, some 20 persons are murdered in the workplace each week and about 18,000 are assaulted. Figures in this regard are comparable for England, Canada, Australia, Sweden, and South America. In the absence of reliable historical statistical data, however, we cannot conclude with certainty that these numbers, however impressive, mirror a true increase in violence in the workplace, as it cannot be concluded that society is more violent today than in the past. We need only be reminded that from the Middle Ages through the 17th century, one could not go about freely at night unescorted without running the risk of being robbed or killed by brigands. In those years, simply being rich was very dangerous. 1997 Causality determination in workers' compensation and personal injury contexts Izabela Schultz PhD psychology tape 10118 Causality determination in the workers' compensation and personal injury contexts is a complex and multifaceted investigative clinical task for which few guidelines exist in forensic psychology and neuropsychology. The presentation will critically analyze current causality determination and causation paradigms in forensic psychological practice with particular emphasis on the distinctions between legal and clinical interpretations of causality. Participants will learn step-by-step delineation of best causality determination practices in personal injury and workers' compensation cases and how to successfully avoid common pitfalls in psychological causality determination. 1997 Personnel issues in workers' compensation stress claims Albert Drukteinis MD, JD psychiatry journal 5074 Workers' compensation laws are based on a no-fault concept in which liability depends on whether the employee s injuries arose out of and in the course of employment. Personnel issues are often said to be the cause of stress for which compensation is sought or they form the background of stress claims. Unlike other types of employment stress which are a natural incident to the performance of the work, i.e., flow from the type of work, the amount of work, or circumstances that are a direct result of work duties, personnel issues are a byproduct of the employer-employee relationship. Routinely, employers make personnel decisions to resolve conflicts or to advance the needs of the organization, and this creates stress. Five types of commonly identified personnel issues are discussed here and case examples are given. Legal trends with regard to personnel issues are reviewed. Because personnel issues are so ubiquitous, a no-fault concept for recovery may not be appropriate. Therefore, where personnel issues are involved, the author supports at least a partial return to tort liability principles which consider the reasonableness of the employer s conduct and the contribution of the employee. 1997 Workplace violence-causes, etiology and management Eric Fine MD psychiatry journal 6001 Workplace violence has increased dramatically since 1980 and is now the second leading cause of occupational death in the United States. It is the leading cause of death for women in the workplace, the third leading cause of death for men, and approximately 1400 people are murdered at their place of work each year. This article will discuss the cause of workplace violence with particular emphasis being given to the psychiatric diagnoses found in the perpetrators. Specific examples of violence will be described and suggestions for the management of this problem discussed. Psychiatrists are increasingly being called upon to provide consultation in this area, and it is mandatory that such collaborative efforts involve psychiatrists and company security consultants. This will increase workplace security while insuring that normal business activities can continue with as little interference as possible. 1997 Cross-cultural conflict as contributor to workplace stress and violence Jose LaCalle PhD psychology tape 1261
no abstract1997 Personnel issues in workers' compensation stress claims Albert Drukteinis MD, JD psychiatry tape 1291 Workers' compensation laws are based on a no-fault concept in which liability depends on whether the employee s injuries arose out of and in the course of employment. Personnel issues are often said to be the cause of stress for which compensation is sought or they form the background of stress claims. Unlike other types of employment stress which are a natural incident to the performance of the work, i.e., flow from the type of work, the amount of work, or circumstances that are a direct result of work duties, personnel issues are a byproduct of the employer-employee relationship. Routinely, employers make personnel decisions to resolve conflicts or to advance the needs of the organization, and this creates stress. Five types of commonly identified personnel issues are discussed here and case examples are given. Legal trends with regard to personnel issues are reviewed. Because personnel issues are so ubiquitous, a no-fault concept for recovery may not be appropriate. Therefore, where personnel issues are involved, the author supports at least a partial return to tort liability principles which consider the reasonableness of the employer s conduct and the contribution of the employee. 1997 Workplace violence-causes, etiology and management Eric Fine MD psychiatry tape 1301 Workplace violence has increased dramatically since 1980 and is now the second leading cause of occupational death in the United States. It is the leading cause of death for women in the workplace, the third leading cause of death for men, and approximately 1400 people are murdered at their place of work each year. This article will discuss the cause of workplace violence with particular emphasis being given to the psychiatric diagnoses found in the perpetrators. Specific examples of violence will be described and suggestions for the management of this problem discussed. Psychiatrists are increasingly being called upon to provide consultation in this area, and it is mandatory that such collaborative efforts involve psychiatrists and company security consultants. This will increase workplace security while insuring that normal business activities can continue with as little interference as possible. 1997 Racial discrimination, near violence in workplace Allan R Gerson PhD psychology tape 1306
no abstract1996 Psychological aspects of sexual harassment in the academic workplace- considerations for forensic psychologists Laraine Zappert PhD psychology journal 5316 Sexual harassment on college campuses continues to be a hotly debated issue and one that has increasingly become the subject of costly litigation. Forensic psychologists are often retained to assess the credibility of allegations of sexual harassment, as well as the extent of damages incurred. In order for forensic psychologists to correctly assess allegations and damages, an understanding of the effects of sexual harassment in the university context must include a full account of the unique circumstances of its occurrence. This article examines the issues which make universities unique as work environments, the ways in which these characteristics contribute to incidents of such harassment on campus, and the psychological consequences of sexual harassment in the academic setting.
Legend has it that when the Faculty Senate of Harvard University was debating the merits of the first university sexual harassment policy to expressly prohibit consensual relations between professors and students, an eminent professor of economics stood to address his colleagues and informed them that he was willing to comply with this new policy, but it would necessitate his divorcing his wife of thirty years. Such is the nature of sexual history at many universities. In recent years, the issue of sexual harassment has ignited emotionally charged debates across campuses nationwide.1995 Violence in the workplace-a report on 240 incidents Theodore Feldmann MD psychiatry journal 1482 Incidents of workplace violence have increased in magnitude and frequency over the past 15 years. In spite of the increase, the psychiatric literature on this subject consists only of anecdotal and case reports. No major studies of personality type and psychopathology in workplace violent offenders have been carried out. As a result of the lack of data on this subject, many generalizations have arisen in connection with workplace violence. The accuracy of these generalizations has not been evaluated. To address this problem, a Workplace Violence Database has been created at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. To date, 240 incidents of workplace violence from across the country have been reviewed. The database surveys individual incidents and compiles a comprehensive examination of the factors that influence workplace violence. Areas of study include categories of workplace violence, setting in which the incident occurred, weapons used, casualties and fatalities, precipitant for the violent act, and the presence of psychopathology. Additional variables such as suicide, drug and alcohol use, stalking, and hostage-taking are also examined. Preliminary results indicate that many of the generalizations about workplace violence are either misleading or incorrect, particularly with regard to the motivations, setting, weapons used, and psychopathology of the perpetrator. Thus, the profile of the workplace violence perpetrator appears to be more complicated than previously thought, and merits further investigation. 1995 Sexual harassment at work: lesbian/transsexual issues Eva Rado MD psychiatry tapes 1347 no abstract 1995 Violence in the workplace, 150 incidents Theodore Feldmann MD psychiatry tape 1327
no abstract1995 Violence in the workplace and PTSD Bruce Danto MD psychiatry tape 1349 no abstract 1995 Sexual harassment in the workplace Vladimir Nacev PhD psychology tape 1397
no abstract1994 Workers' compensation psychological evaluation profile Rusty Otto PhD psychology tape 10110 Two hundred male and female peace officers' evaluations were analyzed for the purpose of establishing psychological criteria of employees who may be at risk on the job. An attempt was made to establish validity, using MCMIII, MMPI-2 and SCID-2 as reliable diagnostic instruments for the purpose of determining psychological injury. Assessment results, as well as biographical information obtained from officers who filed workers' compensation claims, alleging psychic injury as a prediction for therapy success, are evaluated 1994 Psychological autopsy- work injury and suicide William O. Hambacher, Ph.D. psychology tape 10111 Depression, with its accompanying feelings of anxiety, apathy, hopelessness and incompetence, commonly follows a work related injury. These feelings appear to be directly related to damage to the self concept and a collapse of the coping mechanisms as a result of the injury. Without intervention, the depression increases, leading to thoughts of suicide and, in some cases, suicide. In the latter, a "psychological autopsy" of the deceased must be performed to discover if there is a relationship between the work related injury and the suicide. The process of conducting the autopsy will be examined, including the preparation of a report and its defense in court. 1994 Changing face of advocacy in workers' compensation cases-maintaining credibility Anthony Gensterblum ACSW psychology tape 10113 It is virtually impossible for even the well trained and experienced clinician to avoid the quasi-advocacy role inherent in many forensic situations. Particularly in workers' compensation proceedings, the psychologist must "juggle" several conflicting roles. Participants will learn to traverse the complex world of worker's compensation and avoid potential ethical conflicts and pitfalls, as well as how to advocate within ethical and professional guidelines so as to maintain credibility 1994 Michigan workers' compensation laws Gerald G. Pope, MD psychiatry tapes 1886 no abstract 1993 Homicidal thoughts and racism in a workers' compensation population-detection test Gail T Applebaum PhD psychology tape 1390 A target detection test, originally designed to examine sustained attention and response speed in brain damaged patients, unexpectedly revealed response patterns and an error type in persons suspected of malingering. The error type has occurred with such low frequency in persons with known brain damage that its appearance in the performances of suspected malingerers is highly suggestive of faked dysfunction. The test and performances of a non-brain-damaged sample, brain damaged samples, and suspected malingerers is presented. Participants will learn about extant methods of detecting malingering with neuropsychological assessment techniques and the potential contribution the target detection test may make to this difficult process. 1993 Workers' compensation with female corrections officers in a men's prison John S. Hand, PhD psychology tape 1380 Female corrections officers are subject to a unique and complex set of stressors in the already complicated subculture of life in a men's prison. This makes them particularly susceptible to job related psychological impairment and creates special diagnostic problems. The initial determination and eventual psychological defense during depositions and court is discussed in light of worker's compensation laws. 1992 Workers' compensation cases-diagnoses vs insurance companies and problem of malingering John Ravin MD psychiatry tapes 1908 Few workers' compensation claimants present as true malingerers, yet many workers have succumbed to the tortuous course presented by the system itself, one that appears responsible for altering the true clinical picture presented by the patient. Ten illustrative cases are examined in detail. When an attendee asked how insurance companies view malingering, he replied, "Many insurance companies have their own in-house psychiatrists- frankly, I believe bought and paid for. About a claimant presenting as anxious or depressed, they don t say, 'Well we find nothing wrong with this patient, they say, 'This patient is malingering.'" 1992 Apportionment- a critical issue in workers' compensation reports Jerome Schulte MD psychiatry tapes 1895 One of the most important issues in the workers' compensation area is the need for psychiatrists to become more skillful and knowledgeable with regard to apportionment. In order for your written reports to be given weight, you must address the factor of apportionment. Guideline under workers' compensation rules will be presented. Jerome Schulte MD, Private practice, Atascadero, California. 1992 Psychologically injured Hispanic workers Ana Nogales, PhD psychology tape 2000 Hispanic workers are often stigmatized by the lack of education and their willingness to undertake American's most risky, menial and strenuous jobs 1992 Distortions, errors, misrepresentations in workers' compensation psychological reports Eric Marcus MD psychiatry journal 5051 This article reviews the methodology of examining psychological reports as they are used in the California workers' compensation system. Five areas which can disqualify a report from consideration are explored: the credentials of the author, the selection of the battery, the clerical transformation of responses into test scores, the diagnostic formulation of the report, and the intrinsic quality of the report itself. Specific discrepancies found in each of the above categories are offered and analyzed. Overbilling is also discussed. 1992 Psychologically injured Hispanic workers Ana Negales PhD psychology journal 5239 no abstract 1991 Job loss and identity crisis- treating the qualified injured worker Jerome Schulte MD psychiatry tapes 1865 A series of clinical cases are reviewed, in which loss of vocation required a struggle to rework identity issues. Properly treated injured workers find gratifying new careers, while others become long-term casualties. 1991 Using psychophysiological assessment to evaluate workers' compensation injuries Francis S Gilbert PhD psychology tape 1849 Up to 75 percent of individuals injured in compensable accidents fail to return to gainful employment two years after legal settlement. The view that most patients become symptom-free and resume work shortly following settlement of their claims is not supported. f 1991 Workshop - workers' compensation role of the psychologist (1 of 2) Barry Satzman JD psychology tape 1923 Workers' compensation judge, attorney and forensic psychologists offer a workshop on psychological injuries in workers' compensation cases. Discussion includes: the system, methodology, requirements, psychological tests, use of applicant's work records, work function impairment, payment and billing procedures, procedures for becoming a Qualified Medical Examiner (QME); guidelines for preparing the medicolegal report and issues of treatment and therapist survival. 1991 Workers' compensation-role of the psychologist (2 tapes) Barry Satzman JD psychology tape 1924 Workers' compensation judge, attorney and forensic psychologists offer a workshop on psychological injuries in workers' compensation cases. Discussion includes: the system, methodology, requirements, psychological tests, use of applicant's work records, work function impairment, payment and billing procedures, procedures for becoming a Qualified Medical Examiner (QME); guidelines for preparing the medicolegal report and issues of treatment and therapist survival. 1990 Forensic psychiatric report writing workshop (2 tapes) Eric Marcus MD psychiatry tapes 3254
no abstract1989 Psychiatrist's duties concerning patient treatment-legal implications and complexities Marshall Cherkas MD, PhD psychiatry tapes 1431 Legal implications and complexities of treating injured workers within the domain of workers' compensation are defined. Appropriate and specialized treatment approaches are discussed. Clinical examples presented. 1989 PTSD in the work setting - psychic injury, medical diagnosis, treatment litigation John Ravin MD psychiatry journal 5265 The failure of the authors of APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to come to grips with the medical needs of traumatized and psychologically injured workers may prevent many employees from obtaining just and adequate compensation and treatment for their psychological problems and disability. Six PTSD illustrated cases in the work setting are reviewed. Treatment considerations are discussed. 1989 Japanese companies and American workers in legal conflict-emotional distress cases John Ravin MD psychiatry journal 5065 Five cases are presented that focus on employment discrimination by large Japanese companies in America, resulting in emotional distress to American workers. An example is the deployment of "sosha"top Japanese executives sent to America, who are highly visible but always separate from the American community in which they live. On the job stressors range from demeaning strip-searches, forced after hour labor, to attempts to regulate the private life of American employees. 1989 Post-traumatic stress disorder and workers' compensation cases Herbert Levit EdD psychology journal 5158 There is a common ground, says author, between PTSD and workers' compensation claims. Author explores important diagnostic and assessment issues as they relate to the workers' compensation evaluation. Clinical, hypnotic and psychometric techniques that can aid the forensic psychologist discussed. 1989 Workers' compensation cases in California-new regulations for rating of permanent psychiatric disability Richard Marsh PhD psychology journal 5170 During the past decade, there have been more workers claiming psychic injury from industrial stresses. This has amounted to a change of emphasis, and of meaning of the term. Today, an applicant does not have to show a physical lesion or biochemical dysfunction in order to demonstrate a psychic injury. He or she can show such an injury with psychological test and interview data. 1989 Japanese companies and American workers in legal conflict-emotional distress cases John Ravin MD psychiatry tape 1433 Five cases are presented that focus on employment discrimination by large Japanese companies in America, resulting in emotional distress to American workers. An example is the deployment of "sosha" top Japanese executives sent to America, who are highly visible but always separate from the American community in which they live. On the job stressors range from demeaning strip-searches, forced after hour labor, to attempts to regulate the private life of American employees. 1988 Unjustifiable termination-study of 46 upper-level executives dismissed or forced to resign Thane Crossley, PhD psychology tape 10063 The relationship between overall employee satisfaction and working conditions leading to termination is examined, with reference to 46 middle to upper-level executives studied, who were dismissed or forced to resign. 1987 New approaches to job stress--needs of the worker and workplace conditions Dr. Paul Lowinger psychiatry tapes 10207 The evaluation of emotional illness due to stress, toxic exposure and injury on the job is considered from an advocacy perspective, with an emphasis on the needs of the worker. 1987 Injured workers: the worker s compensation system: working in it Gary DeVoss, PhD psychology tape 10186 Significance of extent, quality and nature of a work injury when the injury results in psychological impairment or mental disorder. Focus is on referral issues, the psychopolitical climate that often prevents proper referral to the specialist psychologists, evaluation, treatment and rating issues. 1987 PTSD in police officers -functional impairment in personal and work-related spheres Jerome Platt PhD and Stephen Husband MA psychology tape 10150 Police officers face a high degree of stress in their daily work, frequently resulting in functional impairment of officers in both personal and work-related spheres. Author identifies stressors, characteristics of officers likely to be most or least successful in coping with these stresses and to be able to recognize signs and symptoms by which to determine various stages of stress disorders. 1987 Mental injury in workers' compensation-psychodiagnostic implications Donald Eisner PhD, JD psychiatry journal 5078 A variety of formulas have been carved out in an attempt to establish causation in workers' compensation mental injury cases. The major issue is the type of job-related traumatic physical or mental stimulus needed to produce a compensable mental injury. Selected case law examples are used to illustrate the psychodiagnostic implications regarding actual causation in mental injury cases. 1987 Mental injury in workers compensation-psychodiagnostic implications Donald Eisner PhD, JD psychiatry tape 1738 A variety of formulas have been carved out in an attempt to establish causation in workers' compensation mental injury cases. The major issue is the type of job-related traumatic physical or mental stimulus needed to produce a compensable mental injury. Selected case law examples are used to illustrate the psychodiagnostic implications regarding actual causation in mental injury cases. 1985 Psychiatric and psychological written report in workers' compensation evaluations - overview and practical model Gregory Firman MD, JD psychiatry journal 5091 Author provides a detailed model report for the forensic clinician. An example case is given and all details of the mental health examination is shown in the model written report. The case involves a claimant who sustained minor physical injury with resultant headaches alleged to have been exacerbated by emotional employment related stressors, requiring two to three days off every two months. Occurrence of on the job sexual harassment led to claimants reported complete inability to return to work. History, symptomatology, review of medical records, life and family history, mental status examination, psychological test results, summary and discussion, impression, assessment of disability and recommendations are demonstrated in the report. 1984 Psychiatric treatment in workers' compensation cases Marshall Cherkas MD, PhD psychiatry journal 5424 Author discusses paradoxes and dilemmas relating to psychiatrically impaired workers and the workers' compensation system, offering several guidelines for the resolution of these dilemmas.
1984 Mental injury in workers' compensation- an examination of job stress Donald Eisner PhD, JD psychology journal 5079 The person claiming to be suffering from a job-related mental injury will have to demonstrate the presence of a clinical disorder. A majority of jurisdictions in the U.S. permit recovery in workers' compensation if a mental injury occurs based on a job related stress. Measurements of mental injury, in terms of reliability and validity, are examined, followed by an evaluation of psychological causation of job stress. Focus on causal connection between stressor and workplace conditions. 1982 Workers' compensation evaluation in psychiatry - a useful guide in clinical practice Gregory Firman MD, JD psychiatry journal 10306 Author outlines the workers' compensation process and details the process of evaluation, urging greater focus on the extent to which the industrial injury may relate to current psychiatric disability, rather than on diagnostic and treatment issues per se. A psychiatric evaluation worksheet for practitioners is provided. 1981 Assessment of psychiatric impairment under Social Security Kurt Nussbaum MD psychiatry journal 5177 History of the Social Security system is traced from 1935. Quantification, psychiatric criteria, demonstrable impairment, disability claimant characteristics and assessment procedures are discussed in this Dr. Nussbaum, Jose Puig, Abraham Schneidmuhl and John Shaffer, all of whom who worked for years for the Social Security Administration.